The Virginia Barrier Island chain, including Fisherman Island National Wildlife Refuge, is one of only 17 sites in the United States classified as a "A Wetland of International Importance." The refuge is the southern most barrier island, separated from the Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge by approximately one-half mile. Sand continues to expand the island's size, which is currently estimated at 1,850 acres. Fisherman Island was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1973. It was managed as an unstaffed satellite of Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge until 1984, when management was turned over the newly established Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge.

Because of the critical nature of its habitats for wildlife, Fisherman Island is closed to the public. Guided tours are offered on Saturdays from October through mid-March and during special events. To schedule a tour, contact the Eastern Shore of Virginia refuge.